PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a class of thousands of synthetic chemicals that do not break down in the environment or human body. Found in drinking water nationwide, PFAS have been linked to kidney cancer, thyroid disease, and immune dysfunction. Beyond AFFF, PFAS contamination comes from industrial discharge, non-stick cookware manufacturing, and stain-resistant product coatings.
Kidney cancer and thyroid disease have the strongest causation support. EPA designated PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances under CERCLA in 2024. Dose-response data from occupational cohorts and contaminated community studies supports the cancer link. Immune system disruption (reduced vaccine efficacy) is a newer but growing injury track.
3M reached a $10.3B water utility settlement in 2023. Personal injury claims for cancer (kidney, testicular) are the active frontier. EPA CERCLA designation in 2024 opened new liability pathways. PI bellwether trials projected 2025–2026.